Yesterday morning, veteran mobile game developer Wu Gang Interactive CEO Wu Gang issued a statement on Weibo and friends circle, announcing that the stone interaction was split into five, split into three research and development subsidiaries and two distribution subsidiaries. Shimu Company injected funds, the team operated independently, and all three subsidiaries developed shares. COO Cao Hong is responsible for participating in the decision-making.
Wu Gang, who previously focused on product development, turned to product cooperation and foreign investment.
After the statement was issued, this incident caused widespread concern in the industry and caused many interpretations. In this regard, Grape King also visited the hard rock interaction with many questions, and interviewed CEO Wu Gang on the split.
In an exclusive interview, Wu Gang said that the stone will neither choose to sell nor choose to go public, it will become a holding parent company, surrounded by many studios that hold or share shares. The subsidiary will have complete self-management rights, whether it is financial or human rights, it will be controlled by the subsidiaries themselves. In the future, if a subsidiary wants to go public, acquire, or MBO, it is up to the subsidiary to decide.
Wu Gang is a person who has his own thoughts and logic on things. In this interview, Wu Gang’s speech revolves around one of the most central keywords, that is, “changeâ€. He believes that the industry has now reached a time node that needs to change. And the stone interaction is embracing this change. He talked about the reasons for the separation of the hard rock interaction from the market, timing, management and other aspects. At the same time, he also revolves around the keyword “changeâ€. Wu Gang also talked about his investment philosophy and his views on the producer system.
We have compiled and recorded the contents of this interview as follows. The article may be long, but it is worth reading.
Grape King: What is the reason for this spine interaction selection?
Wu Gang: Three reasons, the first point, is the change of relationship.
Hard Rock Interactive is an old company that has been established for eight years. The responsible persons of this spin-off subsidiary have also worked with me for more than ten years. Many of them just came out and worked with me. If you go back ten years, maybe they are in their twenties, I am twenty-seven years old, just follow me to be this company. At that time, you are a 20-year-old who went to see a 26-year-old person. You will think that he is a big man, a big brother, but by the age of 30, you will see another thirty-six-seven-year-old. People, the age gap does not seem to be that big.
Now, many people already have wives and children. In fact, the relationship and feelings between the people are very mature. By the time of this age, I think that this relationship between us should change. It is no longer The relationship between a boss and a subordinate, I think that everyone should be a more equal relationship to cooperate, so that they can give more value to each other.
Now, they are very mature, and many of their goals, directions, and methods of doing things are no longer consistent. What I need to do is to fully exploit their initiative and potential and let them do what they want to do. From a dominant position to the original, it becomes an auxiliary support and assistance position. This is actually a change in the relationship between us.
The second is to adapt to changes in the market.
Mobile games are not the same as traditional endgames. I think the team is miniaturized. The entire management mechanism is decentralized. It is not suitable for a large team of hundreds of people to play a game. Including Blizzard, the Hearthstone, which was launched last year, is actually a small team. Elite and miniaturized, this is already a global trend.
The third is to provide a better incentive mechanism.
Under such a trend, it is difficult for you to use the original management structure, and I have to use hundreds of people to make a game. We prefer to be able to use this so-called initiative, or efficiency, and a sense of commitment to work for each team. But after you find that there are more people in the company, of course, our core management personnel have shares in the company, but most developers, I can not take care of them. For my current position, these are all District blind spots. I can't give everyone an average share. In effect, it means that everyone has no shares.
Suppose I want to give the company a bonus of 5 million for the whole company, and then give it to two hundred people. Finally, it will cost more than 20,000 yuan to each person. In fact, this is meaningless. For the company, you have made a lot of bonuses. But everyone will not feel any value. Our current situation is that middle and high-level shareholders have shares, but the bottom-level employees are not taken care of, but as the company grows larger and larger, the number of employees is increasing, and the bottom-level employees also need incentives, but the incentive mechanism is where? You don't have a good incentive to let him feel that there is a link between your work and motivation.
I started to think about this issue. I feel that our original management method is not suitable for the current development mode. So we decided to split one by one, and then the developers of each development team have shares in the subsidiary. The profit of this team is directly linked to his income. His income is good and bad, and he The results of his work and the work results of his team are directly linked. In fact, it is currently a very large mobile game entrepreneurial tide. We can guarantee that employees can go through such a similar environment in such an environment. Entrepreneurship." But his entrepreneurial safety factor and insurance factor are higher.
Grape King: What changes do you think will bring?
Wu Gang: First, we inject a lot of resources into them, and secondly, we provide them with many basic things, so that they can improve the success rate of entrepreneurship. We will inject some high-quality assets and funds into it, give them space to do something at such a right time, and also a new incentive model.
I estimate that by the end of this year, or in the first half of next year, most large companies of some sizes will start to do this, but we are the first to decide to do so, and we are an old company that has been doing it for eight years, so Everyone will pay more attention to us. Timing, market, management, these three aspects are the reasons that prompted me to make this decision. Of course, this means that we have to share the vested interests of many companies to more people, but I believe that as long as they are genuine officers, really These creative people can magnify the things you give him more.
The game is a creative industry. The core asset of the creative industry is people. If this person is just an employment relationship, it is only for the purpose of completing ten hours and eight hours of work every day. What does this mean? So in a sense, we still have to solve this problem. Another point is to coordinate the internal relationships of these companies.
Let me give you an example. Now you are a producer of our company. You have made a game. Then, if you do it well or not, our company’s own distribution department will spend a lot of effort and effort to help you. Release this product. However, after the spin-off, several subsidiaries are invested by the hard stone, but the cooperation between the companies is not mandatory. That is to say, the product you developed is not necessarily handed over to the hard stone. It’s not a problem for the company to issue, because the company has been managed by you, and now you are fully responsible. You can find the one that is most beneficial to you based on your conditions and your internal review and external review. The plan is to decide if you give the product to him.
In the same way, the issuing subsidiary will not choose to represent your product because you are also a hard-core subsidiary. Just like making a movie, if you make a film for Wanda, Wanda also has its own theater, but if you shoot this film badly, Wanda will not choose to vacate a large number of theaters to give you a film. So this is also to promote an internal survival of the fittest, to encourage everyone to go forward, let a market environment to stimulate the development team and the release team, so that everyone can make competitive products.
If you don't do well, let the market eliminate it. Instead of being inside the company, it is not good to say that your product is not good by administrative means. Let us abolish him.
So actually we are making such an adjustment.
Grape King: When did you start thinking about this problem?
Wu Gang: I have already realized this problem. I have been playing games for more than ten years. When I was playing games from the age of 20, I have been able to feel that the power of people plays a role in game production. I have been a boss for so many years, but one thing I have not been confused about - whether you rely on yourself to make money, or rely on a bunch of capable people to make money?
In fact, you are relying on a bunch of capable people to make money. But in fact, the distribution of wealth is unequal and uneven, leading to people who are very capable, but they can't get the money. The game is well done, the developers are not famous, and the bosses of the companies are famous.
Perhaps many people say that Wu Gang is very famous. You have influence in the industry, but in fact, the most famous thing about this company is the producer. It should be the master and designer of the game. The company that should not be famous most is the boss. You look at the game companies in Japan and the game companies in Europe and America. Several of them are famous for their bosses.
Because this is not right, because he is not the initiator of this creation, but if you want to solve this problem, you will encounter a big contradiction. Let me give another example.
Suppose you are a producer at our company. I find that you are very capable and you can make a good game. But at this time, if I promote you, I will be very worried. why? Because propaganda, you will raise my own cost. For example, if I don’t promote you, I will give you 30,000 yuan a month. Now that I am famous after publicity, a bunch of people will dig you, then you will become five. 10,000 yuan a month base or even 100,000 pieces a month, then of course I am not willing to publicize you, but this will lead to conflicts between us.
In this way, you will find that in fact, everyone is now enjoying the pattern of wealth sharing wealth. Everyone can't enjoy the wealth together, and the boss will hide his developer well, for fear that he will run away. At the same time, the boss also got all the flowers and applause, and of course he will get all the benefits. If you are a creative person, you will definitely feel unhappy when you are the real creator of the game. You may think: "I don't do it, I want to go out and start my own business. I want to be my own boss. ".
We can't maintain a good relationship for a long time. In fact, it is because of the division of labor and the issue of sharing wealth. These things are problematic in terms of mechanism.
So I am thinking, if the development team is going to enjoy this part of the income of their own income is necessary, and this dividend should not be a system within the company, but must have a set of legal things to protect, development People can be assured. Rather than saying that I only verbally promised and promised, we often heard in the industry that the boss said that I would like to pay a bonus, and ended up with nothing. why? Because employees don't have the means to protect themselves, they can't get down to work. Therefore, the use of such a spin-off subsidiary has the concept of full shareholding. In a sense, it is a legal system that determines the benefits and rights of developers.
If you are a big company and the employee takes the option, the employee will not care about the labor value behind the option. Because a big company has no relationship with his labor, he only thinks if the stock The price is high, then I will sell it quickly.
This is also an incentive mechanism, but in fact this mechanism is not direct, it is essentially an incentive mechanism for bonuses. Rather than saying how much work I did, how much I can get from it. So it's not relevant, so we think it might be better to use the method we have now.
I feel that the biggest sentiment in so many years is that the core of everything is people, people, and everything, but you will find that companies, after wave after wave, are constantly changing people, talent mobility is so When the talent is high and the talent is inaccessible, you will find that you have to use a method to solve the problem.
So we decided to do this.
In the past few years, the hard stone has not spent so much money, and slowly went to save money and slowly go to profit. Now, actually, there are two hundred million yuan in cash. So how do you use this cash? We can't say that the company now turns a hundred or five hundred people into four or five hundred people. I don't think this is a way to use cash. More, I think it should be considered how to mobilize the enthusiasm of existing employees. Think about how to distribute and share wealth in a different way, which may make your wealth more.
So splitting is a very important method, and the time has come - you don't have to worry about the direction, contract 2 has the basis of contract 1, and World War II has the foundation of World War II, the team is very neat, after a long time The test of time, and the leader thinking of your team is relatively mature, knowing where there is a pit, this time, you give him a sum of money, let him develop independently, his initiative will be very strong, at the same time, his The risk has also become very low. For the company, the funds can be revitalized. At this time, we feel that the time is right to do this.
What we are looking for is the stability of a whole system. We don't care how much to share with others. When the overall system and team are stable, it is only a matter of time before we can produce good products.
Grape King: Do you think other big game companies will do this?
Wu Gang: I think they will do the same, and they are already doing this. However, now they are doing this internally, without clearly dividing it, they will solve the problem in an internal entrepreneurial way, but the problem of internal entrepreneurship is that the boss’s power is too great, he said to you. Stopping it will stop you, and the original project team is essentially the same. Rather than giving him a company with legal personality, and then giving him the appropriate authority.
And in some cases we are different. The first stone is not a big company. I know very well about my subordinates and the development team. I know who can do things. I also know that this money is going on. It The risk is big, but for some big companies, when he has so many levels, his internal selection is actually a very complicated process. Some employees prefer to take outside investment and start to take the internal money. Because he remembered the intricate management level and structure, he had a headache. And for those internal entrepreneurial teams, what can you give him? It is nothing more than money and IP.
Grape King: Your previous style was focused on products, and more involved in development. The current change is that you no longer have specific products?
Wu Gang: Actually, I will continue to pay attention to development, but I will not pay attention to the subsidiaries that have already been separated. Sorry, it is a company of people. If they need my help, I will definitely not hesitate to help, but that is his job and his scope of power. I can't intervene. This is what we have clearly stated before.
I think that in a team, there must be someone who is authoritative and speaks, but it must not be two or a few people, so once he becomes an independent subsidiary, its boss or its producer must bear All the responsibilities, for me, I have more things to do, I can do more with investment, or with a new team. These teams that I used to take for seven or eight years have matured, and when they are mature, they should let go. You can then train new teams, set up new companies, and then go up.
Rather than saying that I have trained two teams, I think the team is very good, and then I have been holding it all the time. In fact, the tighter you are, the more annoying you are. In fact, when everyone is at this age, you can say that they are all like that. Everyone understands that this is enough. Let them do it themselves.
Grape King: What kind of change will you make in this kind of change?
Wu Gang: Actually, I thought about this for half a year, but I only started doing it now. In fact, in this process, I am constantly adjusting my own mentality, and the company has been making various preparations for today as early as four years ago. What was the preparation four years ago? The internal budget of our company was completely separate according to the project four years ago. In fact, for them, this thing is from a virtual state to an entity state, in the form The change on the top will not be particularly large.
In the past, these people were managing their own budgets, managing their own cost inputs, output, etc. Now they are only putting more money, managing financial rights, human rights and then including the company’s management rights. thing. In fact, the mentality of this process is also gradually adjusting, and it is constantly being examined, because the cooperation with them in the middle of the process will also have a wave of twists and turns, there will be bad times, and I will also Seeing which person can be responsible, who can not be heavy duty, in fact, after you have been together for more than ten years, how can you not understand a person? I have learned about this for a long time. When the time is up, give him a chance to let him do it.
Grape King: Are you transitioning from a product person to an investor?
Wu Gang: Actually, I can't say that, not just investment. I have seen a lot of startup teams recently, at least 50. After I read it, I found out that what they lack is not money. What is lacking is experience. Sometimes, he not only asks for money, but also needs to know what products should be done. Why are products not sold, the market is not popular, or why the market is not willing? Promotion is a problem like this.
For our own team, their experience is enough, maybe don't worry about such a problem, but for many other startup teams, they still have such a demand. So for me, I prefer to combine investment and business to provide more help and support to the startup team. And I am also doing research and development, I will help them more directly, can make the entrepreneurial team less detours, and more mature in the product.
This is what I can do. The risk of doing the game itself is great. It is impossible to reduce the risk to zero through my help, but I can help the startup team reduce the risk of 890% to 30% or 40%. I think this It is what we can do. Our investment is not a layman. We have been doing this in the mobile game industry for so many years. It won’t be like a layman who has invested two million and then there, the commander doesn’t know what you are doing, whether it’s from product operation or product development. In the medium and long term control of the products, in fact, we all have more experience.
Grape King: Then you are biased towards early investment?
Wu Gang: Yes, early. Because we can't play our value in the middle and late stage, the middle and late stage are more financial investment, but our advantage is that in the early stage, I hope that we can increase our money for our reasons. We invest in the entrepreneurial team. Millions, but we can provide more than two million worth of help, I think, in this way, the entrepreneurial team will be more willing to choose me when choosing investors, so he will feel that your added value may be bigger Especially at the beginning. When I arrived at the B round of the A round in the middle of the period, he took the VC money and took the other ones before there was no problem.
Grape King: How do you judge whether an entrepreneur is worth investing in the early days?
Wu Gang: I think there are two reasons. On the one hand, I want to see creativity, and if it is a pragmatic creativity. For example, if you say that I want to build a rocket to fly to Mars, then this unrealistic creativity is meaningless. He must be a creative force that can be realized by combining his own strength. He can grasp his imagination from the sky. Down, it's something that can be discussed and played by the player. There may be some teams that I value.
There are also some teams I value execution. This team may not have strong creativity. They don't know what games they should develop, but their development skills and art skills are solid and what they do, then only need to give a clear direction at this time.
Basically these two pieces. I think that if you can catch both of them, it will have its team value.
Grape King: There is a kind of creativity that is an upgrade to the existing mature gameplay, verified by the market, and a kind of creativity is risky. Relative innovation, there is no existing case in the market to prove, how do you think about this type?
Wu Gang: At this point, I will look at the founder's mentality. If the founder he wants to be addicted, this kind of addiction to play games, I will not vote. why? Because in fact, this kind of person actually does not think clearly about the difficulties he will face. He just thinks that this thing is enjoyable, regardless of whether the income and his team can survive.
For the matter of innovation, I know that there will be a great probability of failure, but what to do after failure, this is a question I have to consider. For the team, continue to change, continue to do, or just give up and say, "I am tired, I do not want to do", this kind of person is the most hated. If you want to take risks, but also take me to invest in you, I know that you have to take risks and are willing to accompany you to play. As a result, you are not playing halfway, and the biggest loss is me.
I’ve been doing games for so many years, I know that innovative games are going to be very risky, so I’m thinking that I can’t do it twice and three times and not three times. I think a creative team can’t do two at a time. If he can't do it in the same direction, he will be able to make it in at least three years. But often many development teams don't have three or even three months to get bored. In the end, not investors have no patience. Many teams want to make quick money and have no patience.
Some people began to feel confident that they can make a lot of money. After the game is online, the data is not good enough to change it twice. It will not give up. I have seen such a case. Because the purpose of his holding is not pure, now there is a mountain, my opinion is that you crawl slowly, one day you can climb to the top, and their approach is to climb halfway and feel that you are too tired to go, let's go back. .
You see that many investors in the market say that investors have given up their investment. In fact, there are still some cases in which developers give up on their own.
Grape King: What do you think of China's current producer system? You mentioned some before.
Wu Gang: I think the producer system must be changed, but there are no seedlings in the country. The game is a creative industry, but at what time is our current employment system and employment system determined? The industrial revolution of more than eight or eight years? The employment system in the industrial age uses the game industry that we are doing now. People rely on their brains to make money, but they use the employment method when they rely on physical strength to make money. The work output can be calculated, but how to quantify the things in the human brain, how to quantify Creativity?
Let me give you an example. This is equivalent to the film studios of the 1920s and 1930s. They are big factories. Everyone is paid. The factory manager calls everyone to assign tasks: you, go to be a director; you, go to be an actor, then a movie. Photographed, the performance is good, give you an honorary title, send a bonus, such a system will be eliminated. Later, a large number of people ran a single class, a large number of people walked through the hole, everyone hopes and eventually breaks away from the original system to establish a new model. The same is true for games. What you need is a new employment model.
For example, if the writer is hired to write a novel and asks for 10,000 words a day, the author is not mad at death? I met a better boss and wrote a thousand words a day. "Well, there are a thousand words, you can get off work." This is not a joke! Some publishers and authors now have such a relationship: for example, finding a writer's seedlings, feeling good to write, a sum of money to sign the author's works for several years, plus the guarantee and the sharing agreement. This kind of system change will tie the interests of both sides together, and the publisher will desperately promote the author because it is not so popular.
Why now the game company does not dare to promote the producers, because the price of a propaganda producer will become higher and the development cost will increase. Why do publishers promote writers because the income of propaganda publishers will increase. This is the difference in the pattern of labor.
What is the producer mode? The producer mode is based on people and creativity, rather than the employment relationship of the above-mentioned work-time punch card. I think this is the key to the producer system.
Grape King: Do you think there are other ways to change?
Wu Gang: I have always wanted to advocate one thing in the game industry. The core developers in the future should be contracted rather than simple employment relationships. Developers have signed up with game companies like stars, and I have been helping me develop several games over the past few years. All of your developments have been mys in the past few years. When the signing period expires, you become more bullish. I may sign you at a higher price. Otherwise, why should you go. Because the game is all your name, the game is not sold as one, you have your own brand, no one wants to sign you. The truth of the market economy is as simple as that.
Why are there so many hybrids in the game industry today? They don't know who he is, no one knows that he is bad. He doesn't know who he did when he broke the game. If you use the contract system, this game product is here to sign your name, and you have done a few bad games in succession, and you will dare to use you.
In fact, Europe and the United States have long been the producer system, and whoever did the game is in the clear. At the same time, the salary system in Europe and the United States is different from that in China. The salary of a developer who has participated in a masterpiece has reached a big level, and their salary is related to the age. What is lacking in China is to quickly raise this part of the labor cost to a particularly high level, which leads to a vicious circle of rapid development costs.
A large number of newcomers in the country have entered the game industry, forming a so-called “workload challenge†for many old developers. Their sense of crisis is getting stronger and stronger, they will not go up, but they will fight with newcomers in the workload. If you are a creator, what you should do is what the creator should do. You should take the salary of the creator. But the reality is that a large number of Chinese practitioners are not creators. They are manual workers, cottages, newcomers. People in the industry have not opened the hierarchy at this point and those who have been in business for many years. This will lead to a newcomer who can get 20,000 yuan in two years of work. Some old people have been working for seven or eight years or so much money. Why do I give you more money to do the same thing?
The famous Chinese producers are all bosses. Why? Only the boss will hold the producer, and this producer is himself. But this is not right. No company in China has brought out one producer after another, because this will add a large part of the cost to the project in the future, which is the problem caused by the employment model.
In a creative industry, the employment of personnel, especially the core personnel, must adopt new methods. It is still required to use the industrial age method to ask him to go to work. The result is likely to be that the work is not working. Self-reliant portal.
Grape King: What do you think of the 8 billion to reward his producer before Shanda?
Wu Gang: This is the right time to know, this is right, or else what should these people do? Where money is put, one hundred million is one billion. Only when people with money and talent are put together, they can double or even become many times. If people are gone, this value will naturally be greatly reduced. So I think Chen Tianqiao understands that he can do this at this stage. There are so many people who come out of these big companies to start a business. What should I do? Will he always keep his core staff? This is a change in adapting to the market, and I think that this kind of thing will only be more and more, because with the development of this industry, after it gradually enters a stable period, the requirements for people will only become higher and higher. This kind of thing will only be less and less.
The mobile game industry has been able to stabilize dozens of products with so many monthly incomes. There are only dozens of producers behind it, dozens of main courses, dozens of main beauty, such a large market size, you think about it. Are these people worthless? They are too valuable.
Grape King: Make a hypothesis, if the producer system implementation will affect the Chinese game industry?
Wu Gang: There will be some star-studded characters, and there will be star producers, star owners, star masters and stars. These people will be more and more valuable. Perhaps these people's annual salary is a million-level, they will have a strong appeal and influence. But this is also a high-risk industry. Once he is not creative, he will fall from the mountains immediately after a few bad games.
Grape King: What is the shareholding structure now?
Wu Gang: It is the holding company of the hard stone interactive parent company, they are our holding subsidiaries. However, in the process of holding, we may not necessarily hold control in the future. In the future, these subsidiaries want to refinance, want to go public, want to be merged, in principle, I respect their opinions.
Because this is their own team and company, when the heads of their own teams don't want to do it, what can you do for you? You invested in a company, and the people you invest in don't want to sell the company, and you can't interfere.
For me, Wu Gang, I have confirmed that the stone is not for sale, because I have no interest in listing and selling companies. But I can't force my thoughts on these leaders, they are going their own way. If you want to go public, you will go up. If you think that someone else's 10 million profit can sell hundreds of millions of people and feel envious, then you will sell it. Anyway, I also make money. The most important thing is to think for yourself.
We have set a few thresholds as well, and there are some incentives. For example, I am giving you so many shares now, and I will give you a little more profit. You can also do the so-called MBO, it is ok. We are all flexible on these issues. The key is whether you are business-oriented or not. They are really controlling the company themselves. This is important.
We hope that they can truly manage their own company, and the company's decision-making and direction can be set by itself. For me, our relationship has changed from the original supervisor to the current support and service.
At noon, I also told them that our role is about to change. At work, we used to be subordinate relations, and now we are equal.
Grape King: What is your long-term vision of stone?
Wu Gang: I hope that there will be more and more studios around the company, and more and more holding companies and shareholding companies will join. Of course, they are basically R&D companies.
I hope that the stone is represented by the stone, we have a lot of development resources, every year we will invest some Studio, eliminate some Studio, sell it, turn it off.
You also see that we have established distribution companies in North America and Taiwan, in the first half of this year in the United States, followed by Japan and Europe. Our overseas distribution and product development are both equal. I hope that we can become such a system, but the core part is not going to be listed or sold, because we don’t want to be heavily restrained in decision-making. interference. Similarly, I said to those of us who are responsible for overseas issuance, I don’t have any indicators for you, such as North American companies. I said that your most important thing is to look at the products. The salary of these people is nothing to me. I don't need you to represent ten or twenty products, how much market share you have... I don't have this interest. If you are optimistic about the product, take it down, don't touch the products that are not optimistic and hesitate, and do the success rate of your own distribution and agency products.
There is one suitable product for one year, two for two suitable products, and there is no suitable product to stay, continue to analyze and see the product, this is the characteristics of our release.
I am able to make my own product distribution features for the business that is issued overseas, and I can make my own advantages, characteristics, and some word of mouth. This is what I attach most importance to.
Grape King: Is there any tendency for the subsidiary to issue this piece on the agent?
Wu Gang: We currently tend to issue strategy games in the US, with strategy games and MMOs as the mainstay. Taiwan has also represented some products of other companies and will go online in the second half of this year.
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Hexagon Bolt refers to the fastener composed of head and screw. According to the material, the bolt can be divided into iron bolt and stainless steel bolt, namely hexagon head bolt (partial thread) - C grade and hexagon head bolt (full thread) - C grade.
1. According to the stress mode of the connection, there are common and reamed holes. The bolts used for reaming holes should match the size of the holes and be used when subjected to transverse force
2. According to the head shape, there are hexagon head, round head, square head, countersunk head and so on. Generally, countersunk head is used in the place where the surface is smooth and no protrusion is required after connection, because countersunk head can be screwed into parts. Round head can also be screwed into parts. The tightening force of square head can be larger, but the size is large. Hexagon head is the most commonly used.
In addition, in order to meet the needs of locking after installation, there are holes in the head and in the rod, which can prevent the bolts from loosening when they are subject to vibration.
Some bolts have no thread of smooth rod to do thin, called thin waist bolt. This kind of bolt is conducive to variable force connection.
There are special high strength bolts on the steel structure. The head will be bigger. The size will also change.
In addition, there are special uses: T-shaped slot bolts, most of which are used in machine tool fixtures, with special shape, and both sides of the head need to be cut off. Anchor bolts are used to connect the machine and the ground, and there are many shapes, such as U-shaped bolts, and so on.
There are also special studs for welding, one with thread and the other without thread, which can be welded on the parts, and the other side can directly screw the nut.
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