According to the British Industrial Products Statistics Agency BCG, the market value of nanofibers in 2013 was about $140 million, but it is expected to grow to $2 billion by 2020. The world's largest nonwovens and filter materials companies are rushing to capture this new material market to reduce costs and expand nanofiber functional materials, the best product across a range of commercial components.
The nanofiber refers to a linear material having a diameter of a nanometer scale (fine fiber having a fiber diameter of less than 100 nm) and a larger length, and a fiber which is modified by filling the nanoparticle into a common fiber. The use of nanofibers to make adsorbent materials and filter materials is not widely used. For example, nanofibers can be implanted on the surface of fabrics to form a stable gas film, which can be made into a double-repellent interface fabric, which is both waterproof and oil-proof. Anti-fouling; high-grade protective clothing made of nano-fiber, the fabric is porous and has a film, which not only can pass air, is breathable, but also can block wind and filter fine particles, which is resistant to aerosols. Anti-chemical weapons and toxic substances. In addition, nanofibers can also be used in the fields of atomic energy industry, sterile room, precision industry, finishing industry, as well as purification and filtration of chemical and pharmaceutical products.
Nanofibers are mainly manifested in:
1. Strong activity: Because the smaller the diameter of the nanoparticles, the larger the surface area, the surface particles lack the coordination of adjacent atoms, so the surface energy is extremely unstable, and it is easy to combine with other atoms, showing strong activity.
2. Changing properties: When the size of the nanoparticles is small enough to be close to or less than the wavelength of the light wave, the De Broglie wavelength of the conduction electrons, and the coherence length of the superconducting state, the periodic boundary conditions will be destroyed. The acoustic, optical, electromagnetic, and thermodynamic properties will change, such as melting point reduction, color separation, absorption of ultraviolet light, shielding of electromagnetic waves, and the like. When the nanoparticles are small to a certain extent, the electron energy level near the Fermi level changes from quasi-continuous to discrete energy level. At this time, the original material of the conductor may become an insulator, and conversely, the insulator may become a superconductor.
The manufacture of nanofibers can be roughly divided into three categories:
1. Molecular technology preparation method: The preparation of single-tube or multi-tube carbon nanotube bundles is mainly reported. There are three main preparation methods: arc discharge method, laser ablation method and fixed bed catalytic cracking method. The former two methods are difficult to separate and purify due to the coexistence of various morphological carbon products. The arc discharge method places the graphite rod in a container filled with hydrogen, discharges it with a high voltage arc, and deposits it into a carbon nanotube at the cathode. The fixed bed catalytic cracking method prepares carbon nanotubes from natural gas, and blows the gas on the distribution plate with the activated catalyst to boil, and grows carbon nanotubes on the surface of the catalyst. The method has the advantages of simple process, low cost, easy control of the size of the carbon nanotubes, large length and high yield, but the catalyst can only be developed in the form of a film.
2. Spinning preparation method: This method can be further divided into polymer jet electrostatic stretching spinning method, island-type multi-component spinning method and single-screw mixing method. 0.001 dtex (about 10 nm) of fibers can be obtained by single screw mixing.
3. Biological preparation method: This method uses bacteria to culture finer cellulose. The nano-grade cellulose synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum in China is lignin-free, has high crystallinity, high degree of polymerization, good molecular orientation and excellent mechanical properties.
The company's dynamics in the development and manufacture of nanofibers at the forefront:
1. US FibeRio officially launched the Cyclone FE1.1 nanofiltration membrane at the beginning of this year. Cyclone FE1.1 nanofiltration membrane uses the latest cyclone separation technology to produce an average diameter of 50
Materials of 0 nm and below, and can be consistent with other performances with high standard distribution technology. The product also has another patented design that distributes the nanofiber material evenly over a width of 1.1 meters. In addition, the surface of Cyclone FE1.1 nanofiltration membrane also includes nano-scale additives, which can achieve anti-wrinkle, anti-fouling and anti-bacterial growth effects on fabric surface, and provide lightweight ballistic energy deflection tools for personal protective clothing.
2. Hollingsworth & Vose is another company that has not only achieved rapid growth in research but has achieved great success in commercial applications. In addition to nanofiber materials, the company's products have penetrated into roller product manufacturers, ingredient manufacturers, machinery manufacturers and fiber suppliers, all involved in the entire supply line. The company is in the development of nanofiber technology. It already has a place – including glass, synthetic and composite materials. Glass fiber media in applications have used nanofibers for decades, and this medium combines the surface and depth of the filter properties. This fiberglass material has a highly effective surface layer and is therefore a great advantage in aseptic room applications and in improving indoor air quality.
The company also offers nanofilaments for air and liquid filtration materials, another advanced nanofiber technology from the company that offers higher submicron efficiency, low pressure bonding and higher performance than soot. It can be used as a single layer of wire or on almost any surface.
Nanowaves for commercial HVAC systems are another product of the company. Nanowave is a synthetic alternative to glass plate media, which has greater endurance and higher release efficiency than the latter. The product is machined from a single polymer and its inherently rugged properties improve processability and create a stronger outer casing for filtration. This product uses low pressure drop and its high vacuum performance makes it suitable for many HVAC systems. Applications can also supply energized nanowave materials with more submicron particle retention and a higher MERV classification.
3. The recent research project of the University of Texas Tech University (TTU)'s Nonwovens and Advanced Materials Research Laboratory focuses on the development of cotton nanofiber composites with enhanced filtration. The laboratory's latest experimental results show that the filtration efficiency of impurities is almost doubled compared to untreated cotton materials. "
4. The Materials and Fiber Innovation Center of Deakin University in Australia invented a new solution spinning method and has applied for a patent. The patented technology uses a metal disk instead of a syringe to produce nanofibers. Uniform fiber distribution, increased productivity, simple handling and simplified machinery are the advantages of this technology compared to other solution-based spinning technologies.
5. Teijin is developing nanofiber filter materials that can efficiently remove volatile organic compounds. This material uses a special method to produce a fiber assembly nonwoven fabric having a diameter of 5 μm to 500 μm, and a special photocatalyst is attached thereto to effectively adsorb the organic compound. This product is expected to be an excellent filter material for various air purification, air filters, water treatment filters, and the like.
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