Prevention of aflatoxin in milk
Types and properties of aflatoxins
Aflatoxins are a class of secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. At present, there are 18 identified aflatoxins, and five of them are AFB1 (C17H12O6), AFB2 (C17H12O6), AFG1 (C17H12O7), AFG2 (C17H14O7) and AFM1 (C17H12O7). Aspergillus flavus produces only AFB1 and AFB2, and Aspergillus parasiticus produces AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AF2G2, while AFM1 is found in milk, which is produced by AFB1 metabolism in animals.
The basic structure of aflatoxin is difuran ring and coumarin (see Figure 1). The solubility range in aqueous solution is 10-20 mg/L, which can be dissolved in medium polarity such as chloroform, methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide. In organic solvents, it is insoluble in hexane, petroleum ether and ether. It is the most stable toxin in the discovered mycotoxins. It has strong heat resistance and cleavage occurs at 280 degrees, so general heating and processing cannot be destroyed. It is also stable in neutral and acidic solutions. It can be rapidly decomposed in a strong alkaline solution with a pH of 9 to 10. However, this decomposition is reversible and can be recovered at low pH, and ultraviolet radiation is easily degraded.
Aflatoxin toxicity and carcinogenesis
Aflatoxins are highly toxic and potent carcinogenic. The structure of difuran ring is related to its toxicity, and coumarin is related to its carcinogenesis. AFB1 is the most toxic and carcinogenic toxin in various aflatoxins, and it is also the strongest carcinogenic compound found so far.
Compared with the toxicity mechanism of other inorganic compounds, such as potassium cyanide, the toxicity mechanism of aflatoxin is more complicated, mainly by inhibiting nucleic acid and protein synthesis, interfering with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, inhibiting immunity, reducing hormone activity, Inhibition of cell ATP production, etc., resulting in inhibition of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and protein synthesis, inactivation of cells, resulting in poisoning.
The mechanism of a strong acartotoxic effect of aflatoxin is that when AFB1 enters the liver, it is converted to epoxidized AFB1 under the catalysis of microsomal mixed functional oxidase in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes, and then combined with DNA and RNA to make p53. Inhibition of tumor suppressor gene mutation can also cause activation of oncogenes Ras, C-Fos and other mutations, which can convert normal liver cells into cancer cells, especially in areas where hepatitis B is endemic and alcoholic liver, this carcinogenic effect will be further strengthened. . It can be seen that aflatoxin firstly damages liver function.
In addition, AFB1 has strong teratogenic and mutagenic effects.
Source of aflatoxin and production of
Aflatoxin can contaminate the main dairy feed ingredients, such as corn, barley, wheat and other cereals, peanuts (cakes, glutinous rice), cottonseed (cakes, glutinous rice) and other cakes, as well as corn husks, corn germ buds, corn DDGS, etc. A by-product of deep processing of corn. Peanut vines, sweet potato vines, potato vines and other vines, silage corn, corn stalks, wheat straw, etc. are also susceptible to infection by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus causing aflatoxin contamination.
Aflatoxins are derived from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are molds. Molds are a type of fungus whose spores are widely present in the soil and can be infected when the crop grows in the field. When the growth environment is suitable (generally at a temperature of 28 to 30 ° C and a relative humidity of 85 to 95%), especially if the crop is infected by insects or rats, the Aspergillus flavus can grow and multiply on the crop. No toxins are produced. However, aflatoxin is a self-protective mechanism of Aspergillus flavus. When a large number of growing and breeding A. flavus is stimulated by drought or hot climate (conditions) in the process of drying, transporting and storing in the field, under stress conditions A large amount of aflatoxin is produced, which causes the feed ingredients to be contaminated with aflatoxin.
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