Population Research The main problems and countermeasures facing the current floating population in China are based on the analysis of the data of the sixth national census in 2010. Duan Chengrong, Lu Lidan, Zou Xiangjiang Content Based on the latest sixth national census data and other relevant data, the article is for China. The main features of the development of the floating population and the main issues they face are analyzed and summarized, and solutions and suggestions for solving the problems are put forward. According to the analysis, China's current floating population shows sustained and rapid growth in scale, diminished liquidity, and the second stage of the family-finishing process has begun and began to transition to the third stage. The flow still shows concentration in the coastal areas but has shown a decentralized trend, the new generation The floating population has gradually become the main body of the floating population and a series of obvious features; the increase in unemployment, social security, education for children, social integration and other issues faced by the floating population are the major problems in the current and future period. The floating population will take root in cities and exist in abundance. The relevant regulations, policies, and systems should be based on this, pay attention to the children of the new generation and floating population, attach importance to improving the welfare of floating population families, and accelerate the construction of a social security system for floating population.
100872;Lv Lidan,Zou Xiangjiang, Ph.D., School of Social and Population Sciences, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872. *This paper was supported by the funding and data from the Population Division of the State Council's Population Census Office and the National Bureau of Statistics.
The sixth national population census in 2010 (hereinafter referred to as "Lipu" results shows that the size of China's floating population reaches 221 million people (National Bureau of Statistics, 2011). Large-scale floating population makes great contributions to the country's social and economic development. The situation of survival and development of themselves and their families has also been greatly improved. Despite this, China’s floating population still faces many problems, and their practical difficulties in employment, medical care, settlement, and children’s enrollment in schools are very difficult (CPC Central Committee). State Department, 2006).
The party and government attach great importance to the settlement of the issue of floating population. The Party's 18th National Congress proposed to “accelerate the reform of the household registration system, promote the urbanization of agricultural transfer population in an orderly manner, and strive to achieve full coverage of the permanent population of urban basic public servicesâ€. To solve the problem, we first need to have an accurate grasp of the problem, especially for the floating population in the process of rapid changes. In order to effectively solve the problem of floating population, this paper analyzes and summarizes the main characteristics and major problems faced by the current floating population in China, based on the latest data from the six general surveys and other relevant data and relevant research results of relevant departments and agencies, and proposes solutions. The policy recommendations for the problem.
1 Over the past 30 years, China's floating population has experienced major changes in its size, structure, distribution, and causes. It gradually shows that the scale has continued to grow rapidly. The population has grown rapidly. From 1982 to 2005, in a short period of more than 20 years, China's floating population increased from 6.57 million to 147 million (see below), with an average annual increase of 14.5%. This unprecedented growth rate is unprecedented.
During the five years before the Sixth Five-year Plan period in 2010, the floating population in China continued to maintain a high-speed growth trend, with an increase of 49.99% in five years, and an average annual growth rate of 8.4%. In this context, the “visibility†of the floating population (for details, please refer to Duan Chengrong, Yang Wei, 2009a) The road climbed rapidly, from less than 1% in 1982 to 16.5% in 2010. Floating populations are everywhere, becoming one of the most significant characteristics of population development in China.
The size of the floating population in China in 2010 ~ the size of the floating population in 2000 was calculated by Duan Chengrong et al. Based on the national population census and 1% population sampling survey data from 1982 to 2000, quoted from Duan Chengrong, Yang Lan, Zhang Fei, and Lu Xuehe. Nine Trends of the Floating Population in China since the Reform and Opening up . Population Research, 2008; 6. 2005 data cited from the National Bureau of Statistics. The main data bulletin of the national 1% population sampling survey in 2005. The 2010 data is from the National Bureau of Statistics. The main data census of the sixth national census in 2010 (No. 1).
In 2010, the average time for the floating population to leave the residence of the country reached 4.5 years, the same index as when surveying the national population of 1% in 2005 and the average time of the floating population living in the inflow place during the fifth national census in 2000. "Generally consistent.
Considering the background of the rapid growth of China's floating population and the large-scale increase of new members in the recent period, maintaining this stability in the average flow time will inevitably mean that early floating migrants will have a long stay in the inflow area and they will increasingly The longer.
The census data did not provide specific information on the flow of migrants outside the country for more than six years. However, according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission's 2011 national migrant population dynamic monitoring data, the total number of migrants who lived in the inflow areas for more than five years accounted for The proportion of 37.45%, of which more than 10 years accounted for 15.41%, more than 15 years accounted for 4.97%. Combined with the size of the floating population across the country, floating population living in the inflow of land for more than 5 years reached 82.93 million, more than 10 years of living up to 3412 Million, 11 million people have lived for more than 15 years.
From another perspective, of the 70.73 million migrants who had migrated in 1995, 15.5% were still in a “flowing†state by 2010; out of the 102 million migrants who had already flowed in 2000, by 2010, The number of migrants still occupies 33.3%. The migrant population has historically been emphasizing its “liquidityâ€. People are accustomed to think that the migrant population is indeterminate. There are indeed frequent movements among the floating population, but according to our survey and analysis, it is found that this is only a few. Whether it is the entire floating population or the new generation of floating population that has only entered the labor market in recent years, the vast majority of them have relatively stable housing. . Our investigation in Beijing in 2006 found that the average number of cities inhabited by floating population was only 1.56 (Geng Zhenwu, Duan Chengrong, and Bi Qiuling, 2007). Recently, our survey on the number of cities in China that have migrated to a new generation of floating population across the country showed that 70. 3% of the population had flowed to only one city, 18.32% only changed one city, and 6. 83% only changed. In two cities, there were few (3,7%) of those who had replaced three or more cities. In other words, migrants are not as erratic as people think they are. They are actually stable occupants and stable entrants who flow into cities. If migrants at the beginning of reform and opening up were really To the extent that there are frequent flow phenomena, the current mobility population's “liquidity†is getting weaker, and their residence and employment in the inflow areas are relatively stable.
The second stage of the family mobility process has been completed. The third stage begins. When the cohabiting family members have already included two generations or three generations, the floating population has apparently been separated from the single-handedly state and entered the port. The state of the wife and the child, together with the old and young. According to Liupu data, two-generation and three-generation households accounted for 38.52% of all floating population households. 04%. Most of the floating population in the households also flow with their spouses or brothers and sisters, and they only flow 26.66% of the households. The characteristics of the floating population are very obvious.
There are roughly four phases in the process of family mobility of the population: the first stage, the individual individual's flow of exodus. The migrant population used migrant workers to go out to work and use short-distance mobility. Most of the young and middle-aged migrants went out alone. They returned home during the busy season and did not break away from family life. In the second stage, the husband and wife moved together. With the expansion of mobility, inter-provincial and inter-regional flows have become the mainstay. Floating populations have largely divorced from agricultural production. In many families, husbands and wives both work outside the homes and businesses, children are left to their grandparents or other relatives to take care of; the third stage, the core family stage. Young and middle-aged migrants have established a foothold in the field, and, with economic conditions permitting, arrange for their children to move and live and study in the inflow areas. In the fourth stage, the family stage is extended. After the core families stabilized at the inflow areas, young and middle-aged migrants further included parents in the consideration of relocation.
At present, most of the married and floating population in China's young and middle-aged people are moving together. Among their minor children, 36 million people have followed their parents into the city and the remaining 61 million stay in their hometowns. It can be clearly seen that the process of domesticization of China's population movement is in the process of transition from the second phase to the third phase.
It is still concentrated in the southeast coastal areas, but the trend of decentralization is obvious ~ In 2005, the distribution of the floating population in China experienced an obvious centralization process, and the floating population was increasingly concentrated in the coastal cities (Duan Chengrong, Yang Lan , 2009b). As of 2010, the general trend of floating populations mainly flowing to the eastern coastal areas remains unchanged. In 2010, the eastern region absorbed 56.86 percent of the total floating population in the country; among the eight economic sectors in the country, the floating population absorbed by the southern coastal areas and the eastern coastal areas collectively accounted for 40.77% of the total floating population (see Table 1).
At the same time, in recent years, as the development of the western region, the rise of central China, the revitalization of northeastern China, and other measures have continued to increase, and the coastal industries have continued to shift to inland areas, the development of the central and western regions has accelerated markedly. The attraction has been continuously enhanced, and the distribution of the floating population in China has gradually become decentralized. In 2010, the spatial distribution index of the floating population (for details, please refer to Duan Chengrong and Yang 03%, which is 7 percentage points lower than in 2005; during the same period, the share of the floating population in the eastern region dropped from 65.66% to 56.86%, down 7.7 Percentage point, while the West increased by 4.4 percentage points, the Central increase of 3.3 percentage points; from the national economic share of the eight economic sectors, the southern coastal and eastern coastal share of the highest share (up to 20. 91% and 19.86%), but all decreased compared to 2005 (see Table 1), while the “incentives†in the Midwest (for details, please see Duan Chengrong and Yang Lan, 2009a) are on the rise. The middle reaches of the Yellow River, the Southwest, and the Yangtze River The attractiveness of the middle and northern coastal areas has increased, and the share has increased. Table 1 The migrants absorbed by the eight economic plates in the country account for the proportion of the floating population in the region. North-eastern regions The north-eastern region The north-western region The middle reaches of the Yellow River The south-western region The middle reaches of the Yangtze River The eastern coastal area The southern coast Regional Total Source: Calculated based on data from a sample survey of 1% of the population in Liupu and 2005. At the same time, we have to Some central cities that have absorbed a large number of floating population have continued to be the “magnetic poles†that attract floating populations and are receiving more and more floating populations. Take Beijing as an example, Beijing’s absorption of floating population accounts for the proportion of floating population in China. The 2.4% in 1982 increased year-on-year to 3.17% in 2005, and further increased to 3.19% in 2010. The distribution of the floating population on the one hand is decentralized, but at the same time, a few super-large cities that attract particularly large floating population will continue to attract more people. With a large number of floating population, this may be a trend for a period of time in the future. When analyzing and judging the changing trend of floating population in individual cities, special attention must be paid to this situation.
As the new generation of floating population has more than half of the floating population as a group, its internal structure is undergoing important changes, the most notable of which is the dramatic increase in the size of the new generation of floating population and a substantial increase in its share. According to Liupu data, the new generation of floating population born after 1980 has already exceeded half of the floating population, accounting for 53.64% of the total floating population, which is 13 percentage points higher than the corresponding ratio in 2005. Based on this estimate, the size of the new generation of floating population has reached 118 million. The new generation of floating population has become the main body of the floating population in China.
2 The main problems faced by the current floating population in China In 2006, the State Council’s “Several Opinions on Solving Problems of Migrant Workers†gave a comprehensive overview of the problems faced by migrant workers and migrants, including employment, income, wage arrears, labor contracts, Labor protection, work-related deaths, social security, medical care, labor training, children's education, family planning, rights protection, housing, etc. Nearly 20 aspects. Over the past few years, these issues have not yet undergone fundamental changes, and some have not even changed.
Among the above-mentioned issues, we believe that the increase in unemployment, lack of social security, education of children, and social integration are major issues for the current and future periods, and priority should be given to paying attention to and paying attention to and actively addressing them.
The issue of unemployed migrant workers deserves attention. With the continuous advancement of urbanization in China, the migration of rural household registration has become an indispensable part of the urban job market. However, their unemployment problem has not been taken seriously. Previous studies have found that floating population has many job opportunities, low wage requirements, and strong mobility, so there is no unemployment problem for floating population. Many policy makers and researchers also often assume that the migrant labor force is the employed population; even if they are unemployed, they will return to farmland. Therefore, unemployment basically does not exist for the migrant population (labor force). However, this situation has undergone great changes since entering the new century. First, the collection of land during the urbanization process has made many farmers have no land to plant. There are more than 40 million migrant workers in China who have lost their land. They have no alternative but to work in cities. Second, even if there is land in rural areas, it is difficult to maintain the livelihood of farming alone. The income of rural workers has become the most important source of income for rural families. The cultivated land has become a rations field and it is difficult to maintain the daily expenses of rural households.
As a result, unemployment has gradually become an important issue facing the migrant labor force. At the time of the five general public surveys in 2000, the unemployment rate of floating labor was 2.74% (Zhen Zhenwu, Duan Chengrong et al., 2006). In recent years, the unemployment rate of migrant labor has further increased. According to our calculation of the Liupu data in Chongqing, the unemployment rate of the floating labor force in the city is 3.96%. The problem of unemployment of the floating labor force and the fact that they basically do not have unemployment insurance will not only have a major impact on their personal and family lives, but also The stability of the city and the entire society will become more and more challenging.
The situation that the floating population participates in social security in their current place of residence is not optimistic. Most of the floating population are still excluded from the social safety net. Social insurance is an important social safety valve and plays an important role in modern social life. However, judging from the current situation, the situation that the floating population participates in social security in their current place of residence is not ideal. According to a sample survey of 1% of the population in China in 2005, 72.82% of the floating population did not participate in any social insurance (Duan Chengrong, Yang Hao, 2009b). Liupu did not collect social insurance related information.
However, according to the information of related departments, the situation of China's floating population participating in social insurance is still not optimistic. According to the National Mobile Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey in 2011, 5% of working-age floating population still did not participate in industrial injury insurance, 95% did not participate in unemployment insurance, and 85% did not participate in urban basic pension insurance (National Population and Family Planning Commission, Floating Population Service Management Department, 2012). According to the data released by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People's Republic of China in 2011, only 6.38% of migrant workers participated in the basic pension insurance, only 9.46% participated in unemployment insurance, and only 18.36% participated in medical insurance (National Human Resources And Social Security, 2012).
Preschool and high school education for children of migrant children faces enormous challenges. It is imperative to solve the problem of high school entrance examination for migrant children. Many surveys have shown that the education of children of migrant children is the main factor affecting the stable life of migrant population in urban areas.
At present, the compulsory education for the children of migrants has been basically guaranteed, but the results of Liupu indicate that 2.94% of children of the compulsory education age are not yet able to receive compulsory education according to the Compulsory Education Law. The compulsory education for migrant children needs to be improved. Especially for those large cities that receive migrant and migrant children with special concentration, the large number of migrant children cannot yet study the “two main†policy in public schools.
At the same time, the children’s “two heads†of the floating population have outstanding schooling problems, with the proportion of migrant children receiving pre-school and high school education at the inflow areas being low, and the phenomenon of delaying compulsory education being widespread.Most migrant children do not enroll in kindergartens at the time of entry. There is a big gap between the basic universal preschool education proposed by the government and the efforts to solve the problem of migrant children entering the park.
Another urgent and significant issue is the issue of off-site college entrance examinations for children of migrants who are migrants. According to Liupu data, combined with other information, we estimate that nearly 300,000 people each year are facing off-site college entrance examination problems every year. This is a major issue not only related to individual and family development, but also to the country’s recent social stability and long-term development plans. It urgently needs to be resolved in an active and stable manner.
The desire of the floating population to integrate into the local community is strong, but less social participation channels Most migrants are concerned about the development and change of their current place of residence. They are willing to participate in the management and election activities of their work units or communities they live in and gradually integrate into the local community. However, there are few exchanges between the floating population and other social groups where they live, and social contacts are still confined to the original social relations such as kinship and fellowship, and participation in local social activities is relatively low. 80. The current work of 7% of migrants is found through social relations, such as themselves or their families/relatives, fellow villagers/students. 35% of migrants have never participated in any activity held in their current place of residence. The proportion of participants in the elections, evaluations, and owners’ committee activities was relatively low, both less than 10% (National Population and Family Planning Commission, Floating Population Service Management Division, 012). The continuous channel of interest appeals, the widening of social participation channels, and the continuous enrichment of amateur cultural and spiritual life have become the new desire of the floating population.
New generations of migrants’ advances and declines The development strategy of China’s urban-centered development and the massive outflow of young and middle-aged people have already hollowed out rural areas from a cultural and ideological point of view. Many migrants, especially the new generation of migrants, have neither experienced agricultural practices (partially Not to be born and raised in the countryside, nor to see any hope of development in the countryside, so even if the city can't find a way out, it wouldn’t want to return to the countryside, forming the so-called “no hope of the city and no intention of returning to the villageâ€. A dilemma.
3 Countermeasures and Suggestions The question of floating population is a major issue of the long-term and overall nature of China's initial stage of socialism. It must be strategically highly valued, and it must be meticulously and appropriately addressed effectively. In order to better solve the problem of floating population, we propose the following countermeasures and recommendations: 3.1. The long-term existence of large numbers of floating population as the basis for the establishment of relevant regulations, policies, and regulations has exceeded 220 million in terms of the size of the floating population, and has not yet reached its peak. Progress in the advancement of the progress of the process, China's floating population will continue to maintain growth. As early as in 2008, Duan Chengrong and Yang Lan had predicted changes in the size of the floating population in China based on urbanization and the transfer of surplus rural labor. The forecast results at that time showed that the size of the floating population will maintain growth by 2030, and its peak value may reach 350 million. This forecasting result has been verified by the results of the Six General Survey. In short, China's floating population will exist for a long time, and will further increase by a large margin. This is a very clear trend.
It is very important to emphasize this point. This is because on the issue of floating population, planning, policy formulation, and service provision in many departments and many regions all treat the floating population as a temporary stage issue, and take short-term actions to pursue immediate interests. For example, many cities emphasize the control of population size and use floating population as a control target, hoping to squeeze out floating population. This contradicts the long-term existence of the floating population and runs counter to the long-term interests of the city. The result is often counterproductive.
It is imperative to recognize the issue of floating population from a long-term, overall, and strategic perspective, and consciously implement this understanding in the all-round and whole process of planning, system construction, management implementation, and service provision. Only in this way can we fundamentally solve the problem of floating population in China.
3.2 Starting from the perspective that “the floating population will take root in citiesâ€, we will re-examine the various policies and systems related to floating population. Currently, the floating population in China shows a very stable trend in the mode of mobility behavior, and it is not often thought that frequent replacement of cities is necessary. Or "migrating" migration between urban and rural areas. In fact, many surveys have found that the willingness and tendency of floating population to settle in cities, especially big cities, is very obvious. This poses a challenge to China’s direct population-related policies. The existing policy system is based on the assumption that migrants will eventually return to their hometowns, reflecting the “re-employment, light serviceâ€.
Policies, especially social security and welfare related policies need to be redesigned. In particular, those major cities inflow do not expect that the floating population will immediately leave and treat the floating population as the passing of cities. Instead, they should thoroughly eradicate relevant policies designed based on the assumption of “continuous floating population†and rooted in the cities for the floating population. Create more favorable conditions. The State Council’s report on the work of the government in this year’s two sessions proposed that we should create conditions for people to move freely and live and work in peace and contentment. We believe that setting a foothold on the floating population to establish a city to formulate a policy is the first to cut conditions. Only the molecules that make the floating population truly become a city are more firmly rooted in the city, so that they can make their own contribution to the development of the city. At the same time, the floating population itself has also been better transformed and improved.
3.3 Putting People First, Taking Institutional Demands of Floating Population as the Basis for Government Institutional Provisions With increasing social attention and increasing attention from government departments, the relevant policies and systems for floating population in recent years are seldom. However, many systems are simply not attractive to the floating population and the implementation of the system is naturally not ideal. The fundamental reason for this is that there is no people-centered approach, no starting point from the perspective of the floating population, and no provision for institutional supply and service in accordance with the internal needs of the floating population.
The most obvious example is the reform of the household registration system. For decades, the direction of China's household registration reform has been to encourage the flow of people to small and medium-sized cities. However, the reality is that 75% of the floating population intending to enter the city wants to enter various types of large cities. This mismatch between institutional supply and institutional needs has made the system lose its fundamental significance; on the other hand, it has made it difficult for the corresponding reform measures to receive substantial results.
In the future design of the system, more in-depth investigation and understanding of the needs of the floating population, and consciously respect this need, and strive to meet the reasonable part of it, should be the premise of institutional building.
1 This forecast result was later included in the National Population and Family Planning Commission's “2010 China Floating Population Development Reportâ€. 3.4 The goal of improving family welfare and improving family development capacity has been the goal of improving migrant-related policies for a long time. The floating population is regarded as the required labor force, and it is less often used as a member of society to meet its basic needs as a person. Even from a human perspective, it merely satisfies the needs of its individual and completely ignores the needs of the floating population's family life. According to Liupu data, 36 million children throughout the country have become migrant children with their parents. However, as many as 61 million children do not follow the flow of their parents to stay behind. This shows that more migrants have to choose parental and child-separated living conditions, living in inflow and outflow homes, respectively, which is a forced and helpless choice.
This kind of parent-child separation has a profound influence on both parents and children. Especially those parents whose parents and parents are out in the country, accounting for 48% of rural left-behind children, stay alone in their hometowns. The lack of paternal love and maternal love has a negative impact on their emotional needs and mental health. In many cases, left-behind children are at risk because their parents are not around and their personal safety is threatened. The recent painful lesson of the five children left behind in Bijie, Guizhou Province, was a tragic lesson.
Starting from the family happiness and well-being, we need to create better conditions for children to follow their parents to enter the city and enable them to flow in a more complete family manner and achieve more complete urbanization.
As mentioned earlier, the current domestic development of the floating population in China is in a period of transition from the second stage to the third stage. This means that in the coming period, more children and older people will join the ranks of the floating population. Therefore, the entire society, especially Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and other cities that absorb a large number of floating populations, must have more families to enter urban life and more children need to be prepared for education. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the increasing trend of the elderly population in the mobile population. The results of Liupu indicate that the current number of elderly people in the country has reached 9 million. As mobile old people face more challenges in terms of living habits, language, eating habits, social interaction, etc., there is more difficulty in their integration into the cities, and the society and the government of the influx need to take precautions.
3.5 Improve public service capabilities and speed up the construction of a social security system for the floating population In response to the trend of rural migration into urban areas, we will include the floating population in the urban social security system, improve the convergence and follow-up system of social security, and gradually increase the overall level of social security. The inevitable demand for the well-being of the population. It is recommended that priority be given to the establishment of a mobile population work injury insurance and medical insurance system. The floating population who work long-term and live in cities and towns is included in the urban minimum living security and basic insurance for urban workers. The floating population and their families with difficulties in living are included in the scope of social insurance subsidies. We will improve the housing supply system for the resident population, including the floating population. The eligible floating population will be included in the housing accumulation fund system.
3.6 Strengthening institutional design and striving to provide opportunities for equal access to education for children of migrants The Party’s report to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has made a major advancement in the education of migrant workers’ children, and has previously stated in the relevant documents that the education of migrant workers’ children is an “equalityâ€. "Adjusting compulsory education" to "equitably accepting education" points the policy goal to the entire educational process of migrant workers' children. This is a major breakthrough in this area. However, there are still a lot of work to do to put this requirement into practice. The key lies in strengthening the design of the system and striving to provide equal opportunities for children of migrants to receive education. In terms of pre-school education, it is necessary to quickly mobilize all forces through system building and strive to expand the supply to make up for the huge gap in supply and demand for preschool education. In terms of compulsory education, efforts must be made to break through the “gradual responsibility†system formed by the long-term relative solidification of the population. We must establish a system that is more adaptable to the age of population and mobility. In the issue of overseas college entrance examination, it is necessary to form a nationwide uniform high school entrance examination policy as soon as possible.
3.7 Highly concerned with the problems of the new generation The issue of the new generation of floating population has received extensive attention from the society. In particular, in 2010, the 'Central No. 1 Document' used the concept of “new generation of migrant workers†for the first time and required “targeted measures.†After focusing on solving the problems of the new generation of migrant workers, how to formulate appropriate measures to address the key issues facing the new generation of floating population has become the focus of the relevant work of various departments.
The most important feature of the new generation is that the vast majority of them are no longer able to return to the rural areas. Therefore, how they establish a foothold in the city is more urgent and important than the old-generation floating population and the floating population in the past. In view of this, the reform of the household registration system at the present stage can be piloted first among the new generation of floating population, which in turn captures key issues and important populations. At the same time, the reform of the household registration system needs to undergo substantive reforms to bring benefits to the new generation of floating population.
3.8 Midwest cities should adapt to the trend of increasing inflows For a long time, the majority of the central and western regions have emerged as population outflows, and the work related to floating populations has mainly started around population outflows, so most of the central and western cities are unfamiliar with the inflow of population. . In the process of decentralization of floating population, some cities in the central and western regions may quickly face the challenge of rapid growth of the floating population, and they must prepare for such preparations in advance.
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