Japan's Earthquake Emergency Rescue Rescue

introduction

At 14:46 on March 11, 2011 (13:46 GMT) in Japan 9 earthquake triggered a tsunami devastated the disaster area, it is appalling. What is more frightening is that the cooling facilities at the Fukushima nuclear power plant have ceased to operate, and serious nuclear pollution incidents may occur at any time. Once strong radiation materials enter the atmosphere, they will spread everywhere. The Japanese earthquake has attracted the attention of the global public. Therefore, Japan is more objective, comprehensive, and without any prejudice. It uses neighbors as its teacher and neighbors as its guides. Through the Japanese mirror, it glimpses what the other person's strengths are and discovers their inadequacies. For the problems and shortcomings discovered during the emergency rescue of the mega-earthquake, the successful experience was summed up, and the lack of reflections and remedy and improvement were made as soon as possible. Only in this way can the earthquake emergency rescue cause continue to reach a new level and continue to score new victories.

I. Disasters

1 , direct disaster

The 9.0 -magnitude earthquake on the western Pacific Ocean , 130 kilometers east of Sendai Port, Honshu Island, Japan , has an epicenter at 38.1 degrees north latitude , 142.6 degrees east longitude , and a focal depth of about 20 kilometers. The magnitude of this earthquake was measured by the Japan Meteorological Agency. It was initially rated at 7.9 , and immediately corrected to 8.8 and 8.9 . It was also recalled to 8.8 . The final rating was 9.0 . China's initial release was 8.6 on the Richter scale. The earthquake; US Geological Survey issued a grade 8.8 , the US Geological Survey will soon correct the magnitude of the earthquake from 8.8 on the Richter scale to 8.9 on the Richter scale, and finally rated 9.0 . According to statistics, since the record, the magnitude of the magnitude of the earthquake in the world is the fifth. In the same day, there were cumulative 64 aftershocks , of which the highest was 7.1 and the lowest was 4.1 . Expiring April 11, the earthquake was 408 times above 5.0 aftershock.

The areas with a measured magnitude of 6 ( 7 degrees in Japan and 10 degrees in intensity in our country ) are located in the middle of Miyagi Prefecture, Zhongtong in Fukushima Prefecture, Bintong in Fukushima Prefecture, and northern Ibaraki Prefecture. The measured magnitude of 6 ( approximately 9 degrees of intensity ) in the weaker earthquakes is in the southern part of the Iwate Prefecture, the northern part of Iwate Prefecture, the inland southern part of Iwate Prefecture, and the southern part of Miyagi Prefecture, Aizu, and Fukushima Prefecture. Jun (3) 匚鞅 匚鞅 匚鞅 匚鞅 匚鞅 取?/span>

Affected by the earthquake in Japan, the Hart Peninsula in Miyagi Prefecture moved about 5.3 meters to the southeast of the source and it sank about 1.2 meters. The seabed about 175 kilometers away from the Hart Peninsula in Miyagi Prefecture moved about 30 degrees to the southeast. Rice is the largest crustal change since Japan’s geology observations. The observations also showed that after the earthquake, the crust in a wide area from northeastern Japan to the Kanto region continued to move eastward. In about a week, Yamada-cho, Iwate Prefecture moved 25 centimeters, and the city of Chofu, Chiba Prefecture moved 17 centimeters.

As of April 19 local time, the earthquake and tsunami has confirmed that caused 14001 deaths and 13660 were missing. In the earthquake-hit Miyagi Prefecture, there are 8487 people were killed in Iwate prefecture 4033 people were killed. There are still about 13 . 60,000 people took refuge in various shelters. Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima three counties of the 92 victims. 5 % of the people were drowning in seawater, and those aged over 60 were 65 . 2 %, 24 % of victims aged 70 and over . The total number of houses collapsed was 6,400 , and the number of semi-bad houses was 76,000 . Among them, there are 3056 houses in Iwate Prefecture and 2413 in Fukushima Prefecture . In Aomori Prefecture, which is far from the epicenter area, 100 houses collapsed and 346 houses collapsed in Chiba Prefecture . There are three houses in Tokyo that collapsed .

2. Secondary disasters

( 1 ) Tsunami

After the earthquake, the Japan Meteorological Agency immediately issued a tsunami warning, saying that the quake would trigger a tsunami of about 6 meters in height and was later revised to 10 meters. According to follow-up studies, the tsunami reached a maximum of 37.9 meters , bringing up about 5 meters of the submarine site at the eastern end of the source . The six counties of the Pacific coast, which stretches from Aomori south to Chiba in the north, have been affected, and the inundation area has reached 561 square kilometers. About 190 kilometers of the coastal breakwaters of the Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures, with a total length of about 300 kilometers, are in a state of total destruction or half destruction. The above three counties tsunami affected about 400 square kilometers, of which about 150 square kilometers are still in a state of flooding.

The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Hawaii issued a tsunami warning for most countries in the Pacific coast including Russia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, and the United States and Hawaii. The relevant countries have separately issued warnings. Measures.

( 2 ) Nuclear Accident

After the explosion of No. 1 unit of the first nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan , a large amount of nuclear radiation caused a major secondary disaster. Radioactive materials such as helium and iodine were detected around Unit 1 , and reactor core fuel melting was further aggravated. Since the nuclear power plant reactor was automatically shut down approximately one day after the earthquake , the proliferation of radioactive materials continued, and the nuclear power plant accident has reached a very serious state. The Japanese government raised the evacuation range of the first nuclear power plant in Fukushima from a distance of 10 kilometers to a radius of 20 kilometers, and raised the evacuation range of the second nuclear power plant from 3 kilometers to 10 kilometers. Fukushima Daiichi Unit 3 local time after a hydrogen explosion occurred at 11:00 on the 14th. On the 14th , nuclear radiation near the Japan Women's Nuclear Power Plant has dropped to normal levels. On the morning of the 15th , Unit 2 heard another explosion. Tokyo Electric Power, which is responsible for nuclear power plant operations, began to withdraw some of its staff. On the 15th , Japan's Fukushima first nuclear power plant on the 4th unit after the hydrogen explosion occurred. Fukushima nuclear leak level No. 1, 2 and 3 of Unit 5, Unit 4 nuclear leak level of grade 3. 29 pm collect water samples from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant outfall 330 meters south of premises No. 1 to Unit 4, has been tested and found radioactive iodine - 131 concentration reaches 3355 times the legal limit, which is by far the Japanese side in this The highest correlation value detected in the water area. In addition, seawater samples collected 50 meters north of the outlets of Units 5 and 6 on the same day showed that the concentration of radioactive iodine- 131 also reached 1,262 times the legal limit . April 12, according to Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Institute of International Nuclear Event Scale the Fukushima nuclear accident as the most advanced 7. On April 19th , the 4th nuclear reactor discovered high concentration of contaminated water, which reached a depth of 5 meters. This is Japan's worst nuclear accident so far. The Japanese cabinet stated that the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station destroyed in the Great East Japan Earthquake will eventually be abandoned.

( 3 ) Volcanic activity

After the major earthquake, seismic activity around at least 14 active volcanoes in Japan has become more active. The active volcanoes are located in the Kanto Mountains of the Kanto and Central Sun, Mount Fuji, Hakone Hills, Yamanaka, Izu Oshima, Aso Mountain in Kyushu, and Suwa-no-Ido Island in the South West Islands. After the earthquake, seismic activity above the earthquake-prone areas has increased, which Hakone mountain, Mount Fuji and Mount Yake still surrounding the earthquake as of the 25th, four Hakone mountains quake occurred after 11 earthquake many times, near Mount Fuji on the 15th A magnitude 6.4 earthquake occurred .

( 4 ) Other disasters

After the earthquake, a large-scale blackout occurred in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture, and all flights at Sendai Airport stopped. A total of 242,927 households in northern Japan experienced power outages. At least 1.04 million households in 11 counties have been stopped. Chiba Prefecture JFE Steel East Japan Iron Works exploded due to a broken gas pipeline. The flame rushed up to tens of meters high and production was interrupted. After the earthquake, there were 84 locations in Japan due to gas leaks and there were 14 fires in the city ​​of Tokyo . About 30 minutes after the strong earthquake , some high-rise buildings in the city of Tokyo are still shaking and the mobile phone communication network is interrupted. Tokyo Tower, a famous landmark building in Japan, was affected by the strong earthquake. Skew at the top third of the tower. The staff immediately closed the elevator inside the tower and evacuated the tourists who were sightseeing.

Second, disaster relief articles

After the devastating earthquake, the Japanese government immediately launched relevant plans to calmly respond to it, minimize disaster losses and control the spread of the situation.

(I) Success

1 , Japan set up bureaucratic measures room to handle crisis affairs

After the earthquake, the Japanese government responded quickly, set up official residence in Downing Street measures room Crisis Management Center, and instructed all cabinet members to focus official residence. Hours later , the Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan gave a televised speech and made arrangements for relief work. Naoto Kan said that the relevant government departments will cooperate wholeheartedly and mobilize all resources to make every effort to reduce the losses caused by the earthquake and casualties. He also called on the Japanese people the spirit of solidarity, unity, tide over the crisis.

2. Quickly mobilize the Self-Defense Forces for rescue

The Japanese government held in the Prime Minister's official residence emergency disaster countermeasures headquarters meeting, all members of the Cabinet include Naoto Kan, including attendance, the meeting decided the Japanese Self-Defense Force warships and fighter jets ordered rushed to the disaster area to participate in search and rescue. It is comprehensive, initially rushed to the disaster of SDF personnel to 900 people, then increase the number to 8,000 people, subsequently increased to 20,000, the 12th night increased to 50,000, the number rose from 13 to 10 million people. So far, about 26,000 trapped victims have been rescued .

All the SDF warships moored in Yokosuka port were ordered to go to Miyagi Prefecture. Eight F-15 fighters from located in Ishikawa Prefecture and Hokkaido Air Self Defense Force base took off, went to the disaster area to verify the damage. The SDF dispatched several helicopters carrying video transmission equipment and flooded Unit 3 of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. At the same time, the helicopter also detected and monitored the amount of radiation over the Fukushima nuclear power plant.

3 , timely release of earthquake and tsunami warning

After the strong earthquake occurred, the government broadcast earthquake warnings via radio, television and satellite data transmission systems. Millions of Japanese learned of the earthquake about one minute before the big earthquake and alerted the tsunami after three minutes. Some people subscribed to special forecast services receive alerts via mobile phones and emails. In Tokyo, the content of the program normally broadcast on television was interrupted by an alarm and replaced by an early earthquake warning broadcast by the Japan Broadcasting Association's NHK . One minute after the appearance of the TV alarm, the first strong shock rocked the capital area of ​​Tokyo. High-rise buildings began to shake and millions of people fled outdoors. Japan's Shinkansen launched an earthquake emergency response system, and the Shinkansen train on the road is automatically decelerating or stopped.

4. Emergency evacuation of affected people

About 370,000 people took refuge in 2,100 shelter facilities. Japan increased the evacuation range around the nuclear power station from 10 kilometers to 20 kilometers and a total of 177,500 residents evacuated. Residents who have not been evacuated within 30 km of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant are required to stay at home as much as possible.

5. The nationals’ ability to deal with disasters is strong

The victims of the disaster in Japan queued up for shopping, received food for disaster relief, maintained public order at airports, railway stations, shelters, and comprehensive social security. The people's expressions are very calm. In a ridiculous supermarket in Tokyo, a female salesperson is very calmly mopping the floor. In a live video of a company in Sendai, nearer to the epicenter, in an earthquake-shaking office, despite being somewhat misunderstood, it was extremely calm and orderly to escape and evacuate; on the streets of Tokyo, people crowded streets and venues. The people are lining up in an orderly manner to get supplies or to check the notices. The power of Aomori Prefecture was completely interrupted, but the public used an oil lamp to calmly eat dinner.

6. Timely disclosure of disaster information and news reports

Disaster Information Disclosure Channel One: Turn on the TV or radio, usually within 30 seconds, the earthquake quick report can tell people where an earthquake occurred; in about 2 minutes later , a more detailed report will disclose the specific source, magnitude, distance from the surface And damage to the affected areas.

Disaster Information Disclosure Channel 2: Online media, Google immediately began providing maps of shelters around the country immediately after the earthquake, and quickly established a website for people seeking information and reporting security. Government departments have also used the Internet to publish information: The “Primary Earthquake Response to the Northeast” column has been set up on the website of the Prime Minister's official website. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has published online a summary of the disasters collected by local fire stations and fire brigades. The Ministry of Communications has published 71 pages online . In the disaster report, the fire department even set up a micro-blog for disasters to provide disaster information exchanges at any time.

News reports: NHK 's NHK disaster information disclosure is comprehensive, transparent, graphic and audio-visual, audio and video audio broadcast all-weather broadcast. In view of the large number of overseas residents living and living in disaster areas, many TV stations in Japan have opened multilingual rescue information services. , China, South Korea, Spain, and Portuguese are rolling broadcasts in turn; Japanese chiefs of the government convene a press briefing session every 5 hours, and timely release various measures taken by the government and disaster relief progress. The Japanese fire department and other disaster relief agencies are promptly opening up Twitter. Other information dissemination platforms provide information inquiry services. Kyodo News has about 140 reporters reporting in the quake-hit areas. The Japanese government also encourages the coverage of foreign reporters, and all visas are issued through special simplification procedures. Basically, they are all applied for on the same day.

7 , using high-tech products to carry out rescue

The two rescue teams in Tokyo and Sendai used robots as assistants in search and rescue operations. They used two indigenous robots developed in Japan that can be remotely controlled. One is a serpentine, 26- foot-long camera with a camera that can penetrate deep into the narrow gaps of the rubble and help searchers find out if there are survivors. Another type of robot, called "WinPal", with a tank-type track, is flexible and able to search in extremely ruined ruins.

Enables robotic radiation measurement. In order to prevent operators from being exposed to excessive radiation, TEPCO activated US-made robots to detect data such as radiation dose, temperature and oxygen concentration in the building where Unit 3 of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station was located. The two robots are 70 centimeters in height and 53