Stress corrosion is one of the least understood and most dangerous causes of fastener breakage.
Common causes include stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen accelerated stress corrosion cracking, and stress embrittlement. The identity between these fracture mechanisms is much more important than the difference. However, only corrosion stress cracking and hydrogen accelerated stress corrosion cracking can be caused. Fast-stressed fasteners are prone to stress corrosion cracking or hydrogen accelerated stress corrosion cracking, causing cracking of the fastener. Fasteners that are subjected to tensile loads may experience stress corrosion cracking immediately.
It is also possible that stress corrosion cracking does not occur after weeks, months or even years. Stress corrosion cracking often occurs without warning, and once it occurs, the consequences can be severe. When the tensioned fastener encounters conditions that induce corrosion, stress corrosion cracking may occur. The specific process of stress corrosion cracking is not fully understood, but experts have found that when corrosion occurs, fine cracks appear in the high stress areas. This crack is caused by residual stress in the production process or external load.
When the surface encounters high stress, the local corrosion process is aggravated. Under the dual action of stress and corrosion, the crack expands inward, thereby reducing the cross-sectional area. Finally, when the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the load, the fastener will break. The rate of fracture depends on the magnitude of the stress, the degree of corrosion and the properties of the fastener. Hydrogen accelerated stress corrosion cracking is similar to stress corrosion cracking. In use, the hydrogen produced by the corrosion process accelerates the stress corrosion cracking. This phenomenon is called hydrogen accelerated stress corrosion cracking.
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